<?
define('PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE', 1);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH', 2);
define('PREG_FIND_FULLPATH', 4);
define('PREG_FIND_NEGATE', 8);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRONLY', 16);
define('PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC', 32);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDESC', 64);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS', 128);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME', 256);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED', 512);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE', 1024);  # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE', 2048); # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC

// PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE   - go into subdirectorys looking for more files
// PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH    - return directorys that match the pattern also
// PREG_FIND_DIRONLY     - return only directorys that match the pattern (no files)
// PREG_FIND_FULLPATH    - search for the pattern in the full path (dir+file)
// PREG_FIND_NEGATE      - return files that don't match the pattern
// PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC - Instead of just returning a plain array of matches,
//                         return an associative array with file stats
//
// You can also request to have the results sorted based on various criteria
// By default if any sorting is done, it will be sorted in ascending order.
// You can reverse this via use of:
// PREG_FIND_SORTDESC    - Reverse order of sort
// PREG_FILE_SORTKEYS    - Sort on the keyvalues or non-assoc array results
// The following sorts *require* PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC to be used as they are
// sorting on values stored in the constructed associative array
// PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME - Sort the results in alphabetical order on filename
// PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED - Sort the results in last modified timestamp order
// PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE  - Sort the results based on filesize
// PREG_FILE_SORTDISKUSAGE - Sort based on the amount of disk space taken
// to use more than one simply seperate them with a | character

// Search for files matching $pattern in $start_dir.
// if args contains PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE then do a recursive search
// return value is an associative array, the key of which is the path/file
// and the value is the stat of the file.
Function preg_find($pattern, $start_dir='.', $args=NULL) {

  static $depth = -1;
  ++$depth;

  $files_matched = array();

  $fh = opendir($start_dir);

  while (($file = readdir($fh)) !== false) {
    if (strcmp($file, '.')==0 || strcmp($file, '..')==0) continue;
    $filepath = $start_dir . '/' . $file;
    if (preg_match($pattern,
                   ($args & PREG_FIND_FULLPATH) ? $filepath : $file)) {
      $doadd =    is_file($filepath)
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH))
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY));
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY && $doadd && !is_dir($filepath)) $doadd = false;
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_NEGATE) $doadd = !$doadd;
      if ($doadd) {
        if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) { // return more than just the filenames
          $fileres = array();
          if (function_exists('stat')) {
            $fileres['stat'] = stat($filepath);
            $fileres['du'] = $fileres['stat']['blocks'] * 512;
          }
          if (function_exists('fileowner')) $fileres['uid'] = fileowner($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filegroup')) $fileres['gid'] = filegroup($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filetype')) $fileres['filetype'] = filetype($filepath);
          if (function_exists('mime_content_type')) $fileres['mimetype'] = mime_content_type($filepath);
          if (function_exists('dirname')) $fileres['dirname'] = dirname($filepath);
          if (function_exists('basename')) $fileres['basename'] = basename($filepath);
          if (isset($fileres['uid']) && function_exists('posix_getpwuid')) $fileres['owner'] = posix_getpwuid ($fileres['uid']);
          $files_matched[$filepath] = $fileres;
        } else
          array_push($files_matched, $filepath);
      }
    }
    if ( is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE) ) {
      $files_matched = array_merge($files_matched,
                                   preg_find($pattern, $filepath, $args));
    }
  }

  closedir($fh); 

  // Before returning check if we need to sort the results.
  if (($depth==0) && ($args & (PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS|PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME|PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED|PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE|PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE)) ) {
    $order = ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDESC) ? 1 : -1;
    $sortby = '';
    if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) {
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED)  $sortby = "['stat']['mtime']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME)  $sortby = "['basename']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE)  $sortby = "['stat']['size']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE) $sortby = "['du']";
    }
    $filesort = create_function('$a,$b', "\$a1=\$a$sortby;\$b1=\$b$sortby; if (\$a1==\$b1) return 0; else return (\$a1<\$b1) ? $order : 0- $order;");
    uasort($files_matched, $filesort);
  }
  --$depth;
  return $files_matched;
}
?>
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<title>Advanced Dutch Grammar - comparative, other parts of speech</title>
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<li><a href="parts_of_speech_home.php">PARTS OF SPEECH</a></li>
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<li><a href="adj1_begin.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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<li><a href="begin_comparative.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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        <div class="highlight4lt">
<h3><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: medium;">Parts of speech - </span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: medium;"><em><span> Woordsoorten</span> </em></span></h3>
<h2><span style="font-size: small;"><a name="top"></a></span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Other parts of speech with a comparative and superlative</span></h2>
</div>
<div class="highlight10lt"><strong><a href="ex_POS.php"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Click here for self-correcting exercises on parts of speech.</span></a></strong></div>
<div class="highlight1lt"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Some <a href="adverbs_home.php" target="_parent"> <span class="style26">&gt;</span>adverbs</a> and <a href="numeralshome.php" target="_parent"><span class="style26">&gt;</span>numerals</a> also have a comparative and superlative (even though they are not adjectives). Three of those (the numerals <em>veel</em> and <em>weinig </em>and the adverb <em> graag</em> ) are irregular:
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table border="0" width="580">
<tbody>
<tr class="style1">
<td class="style1" width="113" bgcolor="#153e7e"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">adjective</span></strong></td>
<td class="style1" width="118" bgcolor="#cc6699"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;">comparative</span></strong></td>
<td class="style1" width="135" bgcolor="#cc99ff"><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>superlative</strong></span></td>
<td class="style1" width="372" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><strong>translation</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="style1">
<td class="style1" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;">veel</span></td>
<td class="style1" bgcolor="#cc6699"><span style="color: #ffffff;">meer</span></td>
<td class="style1" bgcolor="#cc99ff"><span style="color: #000000;">meest</span></td>
<td class="style1" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">much/many - more - most</td>
</tr>
<tr class="style1">
<td class="style1" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;">weinig</span></td>
<td class="style1" bgcolor="#cc6699"><span style="color: #ffffff;">minder</span></td>
<td class="style1" bgcolor="#cc99ff"><span style="color: #000000;">minst</span></td>
<td class="style1" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">few/little - fewer/less - fewest/least</td>
</tr>
<tr class="style1">
<td class="style1" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;">graag</span></td>
<td class="style1" bgcolor="#cc6699"><span style="color: #ffffff;">liever</span></td>
<td class="style1" bgcolor="#cc99ff"><span style="color: #000000;">liefst</span></td>
<td class="style1" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">(see translations in context below</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1">Look at the following examples:</p>
<table id="AutoNumber1" style="border-collapse: collapse" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" bordercolor="#ffffff">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="style1" width="50%" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em> <span>Kamil eet <span class="style28">veel</span> boterhammen. Abdul eet </span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">meer</span><span> boterhammen dan Kamil</span></em><span>. </span><em><span>Sara eet de <strong><span class="style28">meeste</span></strong> boterhammen!</span></em></span></td>
<td class="style1" width="50%" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span>Kamil eats many sandwiches. Abdul eats more sandwiches than Kamil. Sara eats most sandwiches!</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style1" width="50%" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em> <span>Jij hebt </span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">weinig</span><span> boeken</span></em><span>. <em>Janneke heeft </em></span><em><span style="font-weight: bold;">minder</span><span> boeken, maar Han heeft de </span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">minste</span><span> boeken</span></em><span>.</span></span></td>
<td class="style1" width="50%" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span>You have few books.Janneke has fewer books, but Han has the fewest books.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style1" width="50%" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em> <span>Rik speelt </span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">graag</span><span> tennis. Simone speelt </span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">liever</span><span> tennis dan Rik.</span></em> <em> <span>Abdul speelt </span></em></span> <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff;"> het liefst</span><span style="color: #ffffff;"> <em><span>tennis.</span></em></span></td>
<td class="style1" width="50%" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span>Rik likes playing tennis. Simone likes playing tennis more than Rik. Abdul likes playing tennis the most.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style1" width="50%" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><span><em> Kamil drinkt </em></span></span> <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff;"> graag</span><span style="color: #ffffff;"> <span><em>thee.</em></span> <span> <em> Hij drinkt </em></span></span> <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff;"> liever</span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em><span> koffie, maar hij drinkt </span></em></span> <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff;"> het liefst</span><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em><span> bier.</span></em></span></td>
<td class="style1" width="50%" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span>Kamil likes drinking tea. He would rather drink coffee, but he likes drinking beer the best.</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="style1"><em><span>Liever</span></em><span> and <em> liefst</em> are of course also the comparative and superlative of the adjective <em>lief</em> (sweet, nice): </span></p>
<table id="AutoNumber2" style="border-collapse: collapse" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" bordercolor="#ffffff">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="style4" width="50%" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><span><em>Alan vindt alle meisjes lief maar hij vindt Hanna </em> <strong><span class="style28"> <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="font-style: italic">h</span>et liefst</span></span></strong><em>.</em> </span></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="50%" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span>Alan thinks all girls are sweet but he thinks Hanna is the sweetest.</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<span class="style4"><span>Back to <a href="comparative.php">comparative</a>.<br /> Back to <a href="superlative.php">superlative</a>.<br /> Back to <a href="adjectives_home.php" target="_parent">adjectives</a>.<br /> Back to <a href="parts_of_speech_home.php" target="_parent">parts of speech</a>. <br /> Back to <a href="index.php" target="_parent">home</a>.</span><span></span></span>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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