<?
define('PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE', 1);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH', 2);
define('PREG_FIND_FULLPATH', 4);
define('PREG_FIND_NEGATE', 8);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRONLY', 16);
define('PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC', 32);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDESC', 64);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS', 128);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME', 256);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED', 512);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE', 1024);  # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE', 2048); # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC

// PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE   - go into subdirectorys looking for more files
// PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH    - return directorys that match the pattern also
// PREG_FIND_DIRONLY     - return only directorys that match the pattern (no files)
// PREG_FIND_FULLPATH    - search for the pattern in the full path (dir+file)
// PREG_FIND_NEGATE      - return files that don't match the pattern
// PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC - Instead of just returning a plain array of matches,
//                         return an associative array with file stats
//
// You can also request to have the results sorted based on various criteria
// By default if any sorting is done, it will be sorted in ascending order.
// You can reverse this via use of:
// PREG_FIND_SORTDESC    - Reverse order of sort
// PREG_FILE_SORTKEYS    - Sort on the keyvalues or non-assoc array results
// The following sorts *require* PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC to be used as they are
// sorting on values stored in the constructed associative array
// PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME - Sort the results in alphabetical order on filename
// PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED - Sort the results in last modified timestamp order
// PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE  - Sort the results based on filesize
// PREG_FILE_SORTDISKUSAGE - Sort based on the amount of disk space taken
// to use more than one simply seperate them with a | character

// Search for files matching $pattern in $start_dir.
// if args contains PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE then do a recursive search
// return value is an associative array, the key of which is the path/file
// and the value is the stat of the file.
Function preg_find($pattern, $start_dir='.', $args=NULL) {

  static $depth = -1;
  ++$depth;

  $files_matched = array();

  $fh = opendir($start_dir);

  while (($file = readdir($fh)) !== false) {
    if (strcmp($file, '.')==0 || strcmp($file, '..')==0) continue;
    $filepath = $start_dir . '/' . $file;
    if (preg_match($pattern,
                   ($args & PREG_FIND_FULLPATH) ? $filepath : $file)) {
      $doadd =    is_file($filepath)
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH))
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY));
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY && $doadd && !is_dir($filepath)) $doadd = false;
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_NEGATE) $doadd = !$doadd;
      if ($doadd) {
        if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) { // return more than just the filenames
          $fileres = array();
          if (function_exists('stat')) {
            $fileres['stat'] = stat($filepath);
            $fileres['du'] = $fileres['stat']['blocks'] * 512;
          }
          if (function_exists('fileowner')) $fileres['uid'] = fileowner($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filegroup')) $fileres['gid'] = filegroup($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filetype')) $fileres['filetype'] = filetype($filepath);
          if (function_exists('mime_content_type')) $fileres['mimetype'] = mime_content_type($filepath);
          if (function_exists('dirname')) $fileres['dirname'] = dirname($filepath);
          if (function_exists('basename')) $fileres['basename'] = basename($filepath);
          if (isset($fileres['uid']) && function_exists('posix_getpwuid')) $fileres['owner'] = posix_getpwuid ($fileres['uid']);
          $files_matched[$filepath] = $fileres;
        } else
          array_push($files_matched, $filepath);
      }
    }
    if ( is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE) ) {
      $files_matched = array_merge($files_matched,
                                   preg_find($pattern, $filepath, $args));
    }
  }

  closedir($fh); 

  // Before returning check if we need to sort the results.
  if (($depth==0) && ($args & (PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS|PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME|PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED|PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE|PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE)) ) {
    $order = ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDESC) ? 1 : -1;
    $sortby = '';
    if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) {
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED)  $sortby = "['stat']['mtime']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME)  $sortby = "['basename']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE)  $sortby = "['stat']['size']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE) $sortby = "['du']";
    }
    $filesort = create_function('$a,$b', "\$a1=\$a$sortby;\$b1=\$b$sortby; if (\$a1==\$b1) return 0; else return (\$a1<\$b1) ? $order : 0- $order;");
    uasort($files_matched, $filesort);
  }
  --$depth;
  return $files_matched;
}
?>
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<title>Advanced Dutch Grammar - indefinite pronominal adverb</title>
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<li><a href="reference_home.php">REFERRING EXPRESSIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="adverbs_reference_content_frame.php">adverbs of time, manner and place</a></li>
<li><a href="pronominal_adverbs_reference_content_frame.php">adverb, pronominal</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_a_b.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="antec.php">antecedent</a></li>
<li><a href="personal_demonstrative_pronominal_adverbs_reference_content_frame.php">demonstrative pronominal adverb</a></li>
<li><a href="demonstrative_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php">demonstrative pronoun</a></li>
<li><a href="demo_pro_b.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="er_reference_content_frame.php">er</a></li>
<li><a href="er_b.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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<li><a href="gp_b.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a class="selected" href="indefinite_pronominal_adverbs_reference_content_frame.php">indefinite pronominal adverb</a></li>
<li><a href="indefinite_rponouns_reference_content_frame.php">indefinite pronoun</a></li>
<li><a href="interrogative_pronominal_adverbs_reference_content_frame.php">interrogative pronominal adverb</a></li>
<li><a href="interrogative_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php">interrogative pronoun</a></li>
<li><a href="pers_dem_pron_adv.php">personal pronominal adverb</a></li>
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<li><a href="pp_b.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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<li><a href="B_pos_pro.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_ad_dem.php">pronominal adverb, demonstrative</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_adv_in.php">pronominal adverb, indefinite</a></li>
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<li><a href="b_dem_por.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_indef.php">pronoun, indefinite</a></li>
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<li><a href="pron_pers.php">pronoun, personal</a></li>
<li><a href="b_per_pr.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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<h3><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: medium;">Referring expressions - <em> Verwijswoorden</em></span><em> </em></h3>
<h2><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Indefinite pronominal adverbs  - <em>Onbepaalde voornaamwoordelijke bijwoorden </em></span></h2>
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<div class="highlight10lt"><strong><a href="referring_ex_ex.php"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Click here for self-correcting exercises on referring expressions.</span></a></strong></div>
<div class="highlight1lt"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">The <a href="pron_indef.php" target="_parent"><span class="style30">&gt;</span>indefinite pronouns</a> for inanimate objects are <em>iets </em>and <em>alles</em>. In combination with a preposition Dutch uses the indefinite adverbs of place <em>ergens </em> and <em>overal </em> to make indefinite pronominal adverbs. Note that there is also a negative indefinite pronoun, <em>niets</em>, which has an adverbial counterpart: <em>nergens</em>.
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="581">
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<td class="style23" width="284" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><strong>indefinite pronoun </strong></span></td>
<td class="style23" width="284" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><strong>indefinite pronominal adverbs </strong></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="style23" width="284" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e">
<p align="left"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><em>We kunnen wel iets betalen maar niet alles.</em></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #ffffff;">We kunnen <em>niets </em> betalen. <em><br /> </em></span></span></p>
</td>
<td class="style23" width="284" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e">
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>We hebben wel <strong>ergens </strong> geld voor maar niet <strong>overal</strong> voor. </em></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>We hebben <strong>nergens </strong> geld voor. </em></span></span></p>
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<br />
<p class="style23">The column on the left contains examples where one would use an indefinite pronoun (<em>iets </em>or <em> alles</em>, or <em>niets</em>) in sentences whose verbs do not require a preposition (<em>betalen</em>). In the right-hand column you find that the verbs require a preposition (<em>geld hebben voor</em>) and that the indefinite pronominal adverbs <em>ergens</em>,<em>overal </em>and <em>nergens</em> are needed.</p>
<p class="style23">The examples clearly show the correspondences between &lsquo;normal' verbs and indefinite pronouns on the on hand, and phrasal verbs and indefinite pronominal adverbs on the other hand.</p>
<p class="style1"><span class="style23"><span>Back to <a href="index.php" target="_parent">home</a>.<br /> <span>Back to <a href="reference_home.php" target="_parent">referring expressions</a>.<br /></span></span></span></p>
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