define('PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE', 1); define('PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH', 2); define('PREG_FIND_FULLPATH', 4); define('PREG_FIND_NEGATE', 8); define('PREG_FIND_DIRONLY', 16); define('PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC', 32); define('PREG_FIND_SORTDESC', 64); define('PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS', 128); define('PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME', 256); # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC define('PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED', 512); # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC define('PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE', 1024); # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC define('PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE', 2048); # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC // PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE - go into subdirectorys looking for more files // PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH - return directorys that match the pattern also // PREG_FIND_DIRONLY - return only directorys that match the pattern (no files) // PREG_FIND_FULLPATH - search for the pattern in the full path (dir+file) // PREG_FIND_NEGATE - return files that don't match the pattern // PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC - Instead of just returning a plain array of matches, // return an associative array with file stats // // You can also request to have the results sorted based on various criteria // By default if any sorting is done, it will be sorted in ascending order. // You can reverse this via use of: // PREG_FIND_SORTDESC - Reverse order of sort // PREG_FILE_SORTKEYS - Sort on the keyvalues or non-assoc array results // The following sorts *require* PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC to be used as they are // sorting on values stored in the constructed associative array // PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME - Sort the results in alphabetical order on filename // PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED - Sort the results in last modified timestamp order // PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE - Sort the results based on filesize // PREG_FILE_SORTDISKUSAGE - Sort based on the amount of disk space taken // to use more than one simply seperate them with a | character // Search for files matching $pattern in $start_dir. // if args contains PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE then do a recursive search // return value is an associative array, the key of which is the path/file // and the value is the stat of the file. Function preg_find($pattern, $start_dir='.', $args=NULL) { static $depth = -1; ++$depth; $files_matched = array(); $fh = opendir($start_dir); while (($file = readdir($fh)) !== false) { if (strcmp($file, '.')==0 || strcmp($file, '..')==0) continue; $filepath = $start_dir . '/' . $file; if (preg_match($pattern, ($args & PREG_FIND_FULLPATH) ? $filepath : $file)) { $doadd = is_file($filepath) || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH)) || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY)); if ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY && $doadd && !is_dir($filepath)) $doadd = false; if ($args & PREG_FIND_NEGATE) $doadd = !$doadd; if ($doadd) { if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) { // return more than just the filenames $fileres = array(); if (function_exists('stat')) { $fileres['stat'] = stat($filepath); $fileres['du'] = $fileres['stat']['blocks'] * 512; } if (function_exists('fileowner')) $fileres['uid'] = fileowner($filepath); if (function_exists('filegroup')) $fileres['gid'] = filegroup($filepath); if (function_exists('filetype')) $fileres['filetype'] = filetype($filepath); if (function_exists('mime_content_type')) $fileres['mimetype'] = mime_content_type($filepath); if (function_exists('dirname')) $fileres['dirname'] = dirname($filepath); if (function_exists('basename')) $fileres['basename'] = basename($filepath); if (isset($fileres['uid']) && function_exists('posix_getpwuid')) $fileres['owner'] = posix_getpwuid ($fileres['uid']); $files_matched[$filepath] = $fileres; } else array_push($files_matched, $filepath); } } if ( is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE) ) { $files_matched = array_merge($files_matched, preg_find($pattern, $filepath, $args)); } } closedir($fh); // Before returning check if we need to sort the results. if (($depth==0) && ($args & (PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS|PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME|PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED|PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE|PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE)) ) { $order = ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDESC) ? 1 : -1; $sortby = ''; if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) { if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED) $sortby = "['stat']['mtime']"; if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME) $sortby = "['basename']"; if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE) $sortby = "['stat']['size']"; if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE) $sortby = "['du']"; } $filesort = create_function('$a,$b', "\$a1=\$a$sortby;\$b1=\$b$sortby; if (\$a1==\$b1) return 0; else return (\$a1<\$b1) ? $order : 0- $order;"); uasort($files_matched, $filesort); } --$depth; return $files_matched; } ?>
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Referring expressions - VerwijswoordenGender and pronouns - Geslacht en voornaamwoordenIt is generally quite obvious when to use the masculine or the feminine gender pronouns for people: when referring to a male person, you use hij, hem and zijn, and when referring to a female person you use zij and haar:
Sometimes a common gender word (het word) is used to refer to people. In these cases, the biological gender overrides the gender of the word:
Both meisje and mannetje are diminutives and therefore het -words, but later in the text ze and hij are used because little girls are feminine and old men are masculine. When referring to objects the pronouns hij, hem and zijn are generally used for common gender nouns (de -words) and the pronouns het and zijn are used for neuter words (het -words). For example, kamer is a de -word and boek is a het -word:
Nevertheless, many Dutch dictionaries (such as the Grote Van Dale) indicate whether a de -word is masculine (m. for mannelijk) or feminine (v. for vrouwelijk). This is based on historical information and not normally reflected in everyday use in the standard language. Some dialects of Dutch really do have three genders. Names of towns and countries in Dutch are always neuter gender (het -words), and are therefore referred to with het or zijn:
People generally refer to animals with hij or hem ('he'). However, if the gender of the animal is known, zij or haar (‘she') may be used instead. For example:
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