<?
define('PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE', 1);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH', 2);
define('PREG_FIND_FULLPATH', 4);
define('PREG_FIND_NEGATE', 8);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRONLY', 16);
define('PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC', 32);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDESC', 64);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS', 128);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME', 256);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED', 512);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE', 1024);  # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE', 2048); # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC

// PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE   - go into subdirectorys looking for more files
// PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH    - return directorys that match the pattern also
// PREG_FIND_DIRONLY     - return only directorys that match the pattern (no files)
// PREG_FIND_FULLPATH    - search for the pattern in the full path (dir+file)
// PREG_FIND_NEGATE      - return files that don't match the pattern
// PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC - Instead of just returning a plain array of matches,
//                         return an associative array with file stats
//
// You can also request to have the results sorted based on various criteria
// By default if any sorting is done, it will be sorted in ascending order.
// You can reverse this via use of:
// PREG_FIND_SORTDESC    - Reverse order of sort
// PREG_FILE_SORTKEYS    - Sort on the keyvalues or non-assoc array results
// The following sorts *require* PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC to be used as they are
// sorting on values stored in the constructed associative array
// PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME - Sort the results in alphabetical order on filename
// PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED - Sort the results in last modified timestamp order
// PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE  - Sort the results based on filesize
// PREG_FILE_SORTDISKUSAGE - Sort based on the amount of disk space taken
// to use more than one simply seperate them with a | character

// Search for files matching $pattern in $start_dir.
// if args contains PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE then do a recursive search
// return value is an associative array, the key of which is the path/file
// and the value is the stat of the file.
Function preg_find($pattern, $start_dir='.', $args=NULL) {

  static $depth = -1;
  ++$depth;

  $files_matched = array();

  $fh = opendir($start_dir);

  while (($file = readdir($fh)) !== false) {
    if (strcmp($file, '.')==0 || strcmp($file, '..')==0) continue;
    $filepath = $start_dir . '/' . $file;
    if (preg_match($pattern,
                   ($args & PREG_FIND_FULLPATH) ? $filepath : $file)) {
      $doadd =    is_file($filepath)
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH))
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY));
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY && $doadd && !is_dir($filepath)) $doadd = false;
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_NEGATE) $doadd = !$doadd;
      if ($doadd) {
        if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) { // return more than just the filenames
          $fileres = array();
          if (function_exists('stat')) {
            $fileres['stat'] = stat($filepath);
            $fileres['du'] = $fileres['stat']['blocks'] * 512;
          }
          if (function_exists('fileowner')) $fileres['uid'] = fileowner($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filegroup')) $fileres['gid'] = filegroup($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filetype')) $fileres['filetype'] = filetype($filepath);
          if (function_exists('mime_content_type')) $fileres['mimetype'] = mime_content_type($filepath);
          if (function_exists('dirname')) $fileres['dirname'] = dirname($filepath);
          if (function_exists('basename')) $fileres['basename'] = basename($filepath);
          if (isset($fileres['uid']) && function_exists('posix_getpwuid')) $fileres['owner'] = posix_getpwuid ($fileres['uid']);
          $files_matched[$filepath] = $fileres;
        } else
          array_push($files_matched, $filepath);
      }
    }
    if ( is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE) ) {
      $files_matched = array_merge($files_matched,
                                   preg_find($pattern, $filepath, $args));
    }
  }

  closedir($fh); 

  // Before returning check if we need to sort the results.
  if (($depth==0) && ($args & (PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS|PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME|PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED|PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE|PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE)) ) {
    $order = ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDESC) ? 1 : -1;
    $sortby = '';
    if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) {
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED)  $sortby = "['stat']['mtime']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME)  $sortby = "['basename']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE)  $sortby = "['stat']['size']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE) $sortby = "['du']";
    }
    $filesort = create_function('$a,$b', "\$a1=\$a$sortby;\$b1=\$b$sortby; if (\$a1==\$b1) return 0; else return (\$a1<\$b1) ? $order : 0- $order;");
    uasort($files_matched, $filesort);
  }
  --$depth;
  return $files_matched;
}
?>
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<title>Advanced Dutch Grammar - pronouns</title>
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<li><a href="reference_home.php">REFERRING EXPRESSIONS</a></li>
<li><a href="adverbs_reference_content_frame.php">adverbs of time, manner and place</a></li>
<li><a href="pronominal_adverbs_reference_content_frame.php">adverb, pronominal</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_a_b.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="antec.php">antecedent</a></li>
<li><a href="personal_demonstrative_pronominal_adverbs_reference_content_frame.php">demonstrative pronominal adverb</a></li>
<li><a href="demonstrative_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php">demonstrative pronoun</a></li>
<li><a href="demo_pro_b.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="er_reference_content_frame.php">er</a></li>
<li><a href="er_b.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="gender_and_pronoun_reference_content_frame.php">gender and pronouns</a></li>
<li><a href="gp_b.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="indefinite_pronominal_adverbs_reference_content_frame.php">indefinite pronominal adverb</a></li>
<li><a href="indefinite_rponouns_reference_content_frame.php">indefinite pronoun</a></li>
<li><a href="interrogative_pronominal_adverbs_reference_content_frame.php">interrogative pronominal adverb</a></li>
<li><a href="interrogative_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php">interrogative pronoun</a></li>
<li><a href="pers_dem_pron_adv.php">personal pronominal adverb</a></li>
<li><a href="personal_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php">personal pronoun</a></li>
<li><a href="pp_b.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="possessive_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php">possessive pronoun</a></li>
<li><a href="B_pos_pro.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_ad_dem.php">pronominal adverb, demonstrative</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_adv_in.php">pronominal adverb, indefinite</a></li>
<li><a href="ron_adv_inter.php">pronominal adverb, interrogative</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_adv_pers.php">pronominal adverb, personal</a></li>
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<li><a class="selected" href="pronouns_reference_content_frame.php">pronouns</a></li>
<li><a href="beg_pronoun.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_gen.php">pronoun and gender</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_demo.php">pronoun, demonstrative</a></li>
<li><a href="b_dem_por.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_indef.php">pronoun, indefinite</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_inter.php">pronoun, interrogative</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_pers.php">pronoun, personal</a></li>
<li><a href="b_per_pr.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_possess.php">pronoun, possessive</a></li>
<li><a href="posses_pr_b.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="relative_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php">pronoun, relative</a></li>
<li><a href="b_rp.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="stressed_unstressed_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php">pronoun, stressed</a></li>
<li><a href="pron_unstress.php">pronoun, unstressed</a></li>
<li><a href="rel_rpon_adv.php">relative pronominal adverb</a></li>
<li><a href="pronoun_R.php">relative pronoun</a></li>
<li><a href="b_rel_pronou.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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        <div class="highlight4lt">
<h3><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: medium;">Referring expressions - <em> Verwijswoorden</em></span><em> </em></h3>
<h2><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Pronouns - <em>Voornaamwoorden</em></span></h2>
</div>
<div class="highlight10lt"><strong><a href="referring_ex_ex.php"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Click here for self-correcting exercises on referring expressions.</span></a></strong></div>
<div class="highlight1lt"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">A pronoun stands in the place of a <a href="nounshome.php" target="_parent"><span class="style47">&gt;&gt;</span>noun</a>. This section covers six pronouns in more detail:
<br /><br /> 
<table border="0" width="252">
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<td class="style23" width="120" height="37" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">
<div><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;"><a href="personal_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php" target="_self"><span class="style47">&gt;</span>personal</a></span></strong></div>
</td>
<td class="style23" width="120" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">
<div><strong><a href="possessive_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php" target="_self"><span class="style47">&gt;</span>possessive</a></strong></div>
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<div><strong><a href="demonstrative_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php" target="_self"><span class="style47">&gt;</span>demonstrative</a></strong></div>
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<td class="style23" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">
<div><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;"><a href="interrogative_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php" target="_self"><span class="style47">&gt;</span>interrogative</a></span></strong></div>
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<div><strong><a href="relative_pronouns_reference_content_frame.php" target="_self"><span class="style47">&gt;</span>relative</a></strong></div>
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<div><strong><a href="indefinite_rponouns_reference_content_frame.php"><span class="style47">&gt;</span>indefinite</a></strong></div>
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<br />
<p class="style23">For a seventh category of pronoun, reflexive pronouns, see <a href="verbs_according_to_meaning.php" target="_self"><span class="style47">&gt;&gt;</span>reflexive verbs</a>.</p>
<p class="style1"><span class="style23"><span>Back to <a href="index.php" target="_parent">home</a>.<br /> <span>Back to <a href="reference_home.php" target="_parent">referring expressions</a>.<br /> </span></span></span></p>
</span></div>
<div class="highlight5lt">
<p><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="../beginners.dutch.grammar/glossary_pronoun.php"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Click here to read about pronouns in the <em>Beginners Dutch Grammar</em></span></a></span></p>
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