Constituents - Zinsdelen

Categories of adverbial adjunct - Soorten bijwoordelijke bepaling

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The most common categories of adverbial adjuncts are:

time
manner
place
purpose
negation
reason
relation
degree

As the examples below show, aAdverbial adjuncts can be single >>adverbs, but they can also be prepositional phrases, or even subordinate clauses.

Adverbial adjunct of time - bijwoordelijke bepaling van tijd:

Adjuncts of time describe when an action is taking place.

Morgen komt mijn zus. My sister is coming tomorrow.
Mijn zus komt over drie dagen. My sister is coming in three days.
Mijn zus komt wanneer ze tijd heeft . My sister is coming when she has the time.

In the first example the adjunct is an >>adverb of time, in the second it is a prepositional phrase (starting with the >>preposition over), and in the last example the adjunct is a subordinate clause (starting with the >>subordinating conjunction wanneer).

Adverbial adjunct of manner - bijwoordelijke bepaling van hoedanigheid

Adjuncts of manner describe in what way the action is taking place.

Peter fietst snel. Peter is cycling fast.
Peter fietst met grote snelheid. Peter is cycling at great speed.

In the first example the adjunct is an >>adverb, in the second it is a prepositional phrase (starting with the >>preposition met).

Adverbial adjunct of place - bijwoordelijke bepaling van plaats

These adjuncts describe where the action is taking place.

Hier woont Peter. Peter lives here.
Peter woont in dit huis. Peter lives in this house.
Peter woont waar die rode auto staat. Peter lives where that red car is parked.

In example no. 1 the adjunct is an >>adverb, in no. 2 it is a prepositional phrase (starting with the >>preposition in), and in the last example the adjunct is a subordinate clause (starting with the relative adverb waar).

Adverbial adjunct of purpose - bijwoordelijke bepaling van doel

These adjuncts describe for what reason the action is taking place.

We gaan op vakantie om uit te rusten. We go on holiday (in order) to rest.
We gaan voor onze rust op vakantie. We go on holiday for our peace and quiet.
Daarom gaan we op vakantie. That is why we go on holiday.

In example no. 1 the adjunct is a subclause (starting with the >>conjunction om), in no. 2 it is a prepositional phrase (starting with the >>preposition voor), and in the last example the adjunct is the >>conjunctional adverb daarom.

The negative >>adverb niet is an adverbial adjunct of negation (bijwoordelijke bepaling van ontkenning):

Peter fietst niet. Peter does not cycle.

There are two other negative adverbs, nooit ('never') and nergens ('nowhere'). However, they are not adverbs of negation: nooit is a negative adverb of time and nergens is a negative adverb of place.

Adverbial adjunct of reason - bijwoordelijke bepaling van causaliteit/reden

This type of adjunct expresses a cause or a reason:

Vanavond haal ik een pizza omdat ik geen zin heb om te koken. Tonight I'll get a pizza because I do not fancy cooking.
In verband met de mysterieuze ziekte zijn noodmaatregelen ingesteld op de luchthavens. As a result of the mysterieus illness, emergency measures have been introduced in the airports.
Door de gladheid konden we niet naar ons werk. Because of the icy conditions we could not go to work.
Dit was het laatste agendapunt. Derhalve sluit ik de vergadering. This was the last agenda item. I therefore close the meeting.

In example no. 1 the adjunct is a subclause (starting with the >>conjunction omdat), and in nos. 2 and 3 it is a prepositional phrase (starting with the >>prepositions in and door). In the last example, the adjunct is the >>adverb derhalve.

Adverbial adjunct of relation - bijwoordelijke bepaling van verhouding

This type of adjunct expresses a relation:

In verhouding tot vorig jaar gaat het slecht met onze economie. In comparison to last year, our economy is doing badly.
Naarmate je ergens langer woont , leer je meer mensen kennen. The longer you live somewhere, the more people you get to know.

In example no. 1 the adjunct is a prepositional phrase (starting with the >>preposition in), and in no. 2 it is a subclause (starting with the >>subordinating conjunction naarmate).

Adverbial adjunct of degree - bijwoordelijke bepaling van graad

This type of adjunct expresses a degree. It addresses the question ‘To what extent...?':

Het regende flink. It rained substantially.
Ik was tot op het bot nat geworden. I got soaked to the bone.

In example no. 1 the adjunct is an >>adverb (hard), and in no. 2 it is a prepositional phrase (starting with the >>preposition tot).

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