<?
define('PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE', 1);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH', 2);
define('PREG_FIND_FULLPATH', 4);
define('PREG_FIND_NEGATE', 8);
define('PREG_FIND_DIRONLY', 16);
define('PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC', 32);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDESC', 64);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS', 128);
define('PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME', 256);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED', 512);   # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE', 1024);  # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC
define('PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE', 2048); # requires PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC

// PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE   - go into subdirectorys looking for more files
// PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH    - return directorys that match the pattern also
// PREG_FIND_DIRONLY     - return only directorys that match the pattern (no files)
// PREG_FIND_FULLPATH    - search for the pattern in the full path (dir+file)
// PREG_FIND_NEGATE      - return files that don't match the pattern
// PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC - Instead of just returning a plain array of matches,
//                         return an associative array with file stats
//
// You can also request to have the results sorted based on various criteria
// By default if any sorting is done, it will be sorted in ascending order.
// You can reverse this via use of:
// PREG_FIND_SORTDESC    - Reverse order of sort
// PREG_FILE_SORTKEYS    - Sort on the keyvalues or non-assoc array results
// The following sorts *require* PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC to be used as they are
// sorting on values stored in the constructed associative array
// PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME - Sort the results in alphabetical order on filename
// PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED - Sort the results in last modified timestamp order
// PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE  - Sort the results based on filesize
// PREG_FILE_SORTDISKUSAGE - Sort based on the amount of disk space taken
// to use more than one simply seperate them with a | character

// Search for files matching $pattern in $start_dir.
// if args contains PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE then do a recursive search
// return value is an associative array, the key of which is the path/file
// and the value is the stat of the file.
Function preg_find($pattern, $start_dir='.', $args=NULL) {

  static $depth = -1;
  ++$depth;

  $files_matched = array();

  $fh = opendir($start_dir);

  while (($file = readdir($fh)) !== false) {
    if (strcmp($file, '.')==0 || strcmp($file, '..')==0) continue;
    $filepath = $start_dir . '/' . $file;
    if (preg_match($pattern,
                   ($args & PREG_FIND_FULLPATH) ? $filepath : $file)) {
      $doadd =    is_file($filepath)
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRMATCH))
               || (is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY));
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_DIRONLY && $doadd && !is_dir($filepath)) $doadd = false;
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_NEGATE) $doadd = !$doadd;
      if ($doadd) {
        if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) { // return more than just the filenames
          $fileres = array();
          if (function_exists('stat')) {
            $fileres['stat'] = stat($filepath);
            $fileres['du'] = $fileres['stat']['blocks'] * 512;
          }
          if (function_exists('fileowner')) $fileres['uid'] = fileowner($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filegroup')) $fileres['gid'] = filegroup($filepath);
          if (function_exists('filetype')) $fileres['filetype'] = filetype($filepath);
          if (function_exists('mime_content_type')) $fileres['mimetype'] = mime_content_type($filepath);
          if (function_exists('dirname')) $fileres['dirname'] = dirname($filepath);
          if (function_exists('basename')) $fileres['basename'] = basename($filepath);
          if (isset($fileres['uid']) && function_exists('posix_getpwuid')) $fileres['owner'] = posix_getpwuid ($fileres['uid']);
          $files_matched[$filepath] = $fileres;
        } else
          array_push($files_matched, $filepath);
      }
    }
    if ( is_dir($filepath) && ($args & PREG_FIND_RECURSIVE) ) {
      $files_matched = array_merge($files_matched,
                                   preg_find($pattern, $filepath, $args));
    }
  }

  closedir($fh); 

  // Before returning check if we need to sort the results.
  if (($depth==0) && ($args & (PREG_FIND_SORTKEYS|PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME|PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED|PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE|PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE)) ) {
    $order = ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDESC) ? 1 : -1;
    $sortby = '';
    if ($args & PREG_FIND_RETURNASSOC) {
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTMODIFIED)  $sortby = "['stat']['mtime']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTBASENAME)  $sortby = "['basename']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTFILESIZE)  $sortby = "['stat']['size']";
      if ($args & PREG_FIND_SORTDISKUSAGE) $sortby = "['du']";
    }
    $filesort = create_function('$a,$b', "\$a1=\$a$sortby;\$b1=\$b$sortby; if (\$a1==\$b1) return 0; else return (\$a1<\$b1) ? $order : 0- $order;");
    uasort($files_matched, $filesort);
  }
  --$depth;
  return $files_matched;
}
?>
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<title>Advanced Dutch Grammar - verb, meaning</title>
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<li><a href="parts_of_speech_home.php">PARTS OF SPEECH</a></li>
<li><a href="adjectival_declension.php">adjectival declension</a></li>
<li><a href="adjectives_home.php">adjective</a></li>
<li><a href="adj1_begin.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="attributive_adjective.php">adjective, attributive</a></li>
<li><a href="adjectival_declension_exceptions.php">adjective, exceptions</a></li>
<li><a href="predicative_adjective.php">adjective, predicative</a></li>
<li><a href="adverbs_home.php">adverb</a></li>
<li><a href="begin_adv_link.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="adverbs_of_manner.php">adverb of manner</a></li>
<li><a href="adverbs_of_place.php">adverb of place</a></li>
<li><a href="adverbs_of_time.php">adverb of time</a></li>
<li><a href="new_adverbs.php">adverbs, new</a></li>
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<li><a href="article_beginners.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="article_new_def.php">article, definite (use this link when not logged in)</a></li>
<li><a href="articeshome#def.php">article, definite</a></li>
<li><a href="art_new_indef.php">article, indefinite (use link when not logged in)</a></li>
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<li><a href="begin_comparative.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="formation_of_the_comparative.php">comparative, formation</a></li>
<li><a href="comparative_and_superlative_with_other_parts_of_speech.php">comparative, other parts of speech</a></li>
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<li><a href="begin_conjunct.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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<li><a href="begin_dimin.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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<li><a href="mann_adv.php">manner, adverb of</a></li>
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<li><a href="begin_nouns.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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<li><a href="begin_plural.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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<li><a href="begin_numeral.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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<li><a href="preposition_b.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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<li><a href="begin_super.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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<li><a href="begin_verb.php">> beginners grammar</a></li>
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        <div class="highlight4lt">
<h3><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: medium;">Parts of speech - <em> Woordsoorten</em></span><em> </em></h3>
<h2><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Verbs according to meaning</span></h2>
</div>
<div class="highlight10lt"><strong><a href="ex_POS.php"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;">Click here for self-correcting exercises on parts of speech.</span></a></strong></div>
<div class="highlight1lt">
<p class="style28 style29"><strong>TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS - <em>OVERGANKELIJKE EN ONOVERGANKELIJKE WERKWOORDEN </em></strong></p>
<br />
<p class="style4">Verbs can be divided into transitive or intransitive. A verb is a transitive verb if it is accompanied in a sentence by a direct object <strong>, </strong>whereas intransitive verbs do not have an object. In the examples below, the direct object is given in <span class="style34">bold</span>.</p>
<table style="height: 44px;" border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bordercolor="#ffffff">
<tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#ffff99">
<td class="style4" width="201" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>transitive </strong></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="170" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><strong>intransitive </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dfdfff">
<td class="style4" width="201" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>Sara belt <strong><span class="style36">haar vriend</span></strong>. </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="170" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><em>Het meisje huilt. </em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<p class="style1">It is possible for the same verb to be used as a transitive or an intransitive verb, depending on the situation:</p>
<table style="height: 50px;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bordercolor="#ffffff">
<tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#ffff99">
<td class="style4" width="202" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><strong>transitive </strong></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="170" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff" bordercolor="#FFFFFF"><strong>intransitive </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dfdfff">
<td class="style4" width="202" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>Alan studeert <strong><span class="style36">Nederlands</span></strong>. </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="170" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff" bordercolor="#FFFFFF"><em>Alan studeert hard</em>.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="style2"><span class="style33"><strong><br /> REFLEXIVE VERBS - <em>WEDERKERENDE WERKWOORDEN <a name="ref"></a></em></strong></span></p>
<p class="style1">Reflexive verbs can be described as a very special kind of transitive verb in that they take an object that refers back to the subject, as in: <em>Mag ik me even voorstellen? </em>The object in this example is <em>me </em> (a reflexive pronoun), and the subject it refers to is <em>ik</em>.</p>
<p class="style1">The examples below show how the reflexive verb <em>zich voelen </em>(to feel) is formed. The refelxive pronouns are given in <span class="style34">bold</span>:</p>
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="64%" bordercolor="#ffffff">
<tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#ffff99">
<td class="style4" width="53%" height="27" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>Ik voel <strong><span class="style36">me</span></strong> geweldig. </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="47%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span style="color: #000000;"> I feel great. </span></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dfdfff">
<td class="style4" width="53%" height="28" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>Voel jij <strong><span class="style36">je</span></strong> ook ziek? </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="47%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span style="color: #000000;"> Do you feel ill too? </span></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffff99">
<td class="style4" width="53%" height="27" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>Voelt u <strong><span class="style36">zich</span></strong> al beter? </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="47%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span style="color: #000000;"> Are you (formal) feeling better yet? </span></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dfdfff">
<td class="style4" width="53%" height="27" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>Sara voelt<strong> <span class="style36">zich</span></strong> het minst ziek. </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="47%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span style="color: #000000;"> Sara feels the least ill. </span></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffff99">
<td class="style4" width="53%" height="26" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>Wij voelen <strong><span class="style36">ons</span> </strong>helemaal beter. </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="47%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span style="color: #000000;"> We all feel completely better. </span></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dfdfff">
<td class="style4" width="53%" height="26" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>Jullie voelen <strong><span class="style36">je</span></strong> ook niet lekker. </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="47%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span style="color: #000000;"> You (plural) don't feel well either. </span></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffff99">
<td class="style4" width="53%" height="24" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>Zij voelen<strong> <span class="style36">zich</span></strong> prima. </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="47%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff"><span style="color: #000000;"> They feel fine. </span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<p class="style1">Reflexive verbs are much more common in Dutch than in English. Some examples of common reflexive verbs are:</p>
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="531" bordercolor="#ffffff">
<tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#ffff99">
<td class="style4" width="49%" height="26" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>zich aankleden </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="51%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">to get dressed</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dfdfff">
<td class="style4" width="49%" height="25" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>zich bedenken </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="51%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">to change one's mind</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffff99">
<td class="style4" width="49%" height="25" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>zich douchen </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="51%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">to take a shower</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dfdfff">
<td class="style4" width="49%" height="26" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>zich herinneren </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="51%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">to remember</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffff99">
<td class="style4" width="49%" height="26" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>zich opmaken </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="51%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">to apply make-up</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dfdfff">
<td class="style4" width="49%" height="25" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>zich vervelen </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="51%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">to be bored</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#ffff99">
<td class="style4" width="49%" height="27" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><span style="color: #ffffff;"><em>zich voorstellen </em></span></td>
<td class="style4" width="51%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">to introduce oneself; to imagine</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#dfdfff">
<td class="style4" width="49%" valign="top" bgcolor="#153e7e"><em><span style="color: #ffffff;">zich wassen</span> </em></td>
<td class="style4" width="51%" valign="top" bgcolor="#f9b7ff">to wash oneself</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<p><span class="style32"><span>Back to <a href="verbshome.php" target="_parent">verbs</a>.<br /> Back to <a href="parts_of_speech_home.php" target="_parent">parts of speech</a>. <br /> Back to <a href="index.php" target="_parent">home</a>.</span><span></span><span></span></span></p>
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